World Intellectual Property Report 2019

《2019年世界知识产权报告》

The 2019 edition of WIPO’s World Intellectual Property Report analyzed millions of patent and scientific publication records across several decades to conclude that innovative activity has grown increasingly collaborative and transnational, while originating in a few large clusters located in a small number of countries.

世界知识产权组织2019年版的《世界知识产权报告》分析了几十年来数以百万计的专利和科学出版物记录，得出的结论是，创新活动越来越具有合作性和跨国性，同时起源于少数国家的少数大型集群。

Some 30 metropolitan hotspots alone accounted for 69 percent of patents and 48 percent of scientific activity during the 2015-2017 period. They are mostly located in five countries – China, Germany, Japan, the Republic of Korea and the United States of America (U.S.).

2015-2017年期间，仅30个大都市热点地区就占了69%的专利和48%的科学活动。他们大多分布在五个国家——中国、德国、日本、韩国和美国。

The 2019 edition documents how the geography of innovation has evolved over the past few decades.The report finds that innovation has become more collaborative. In the early 2000s, teams of scientists produced 64 percent of all scientific papers and teams of inventors were behind 54 percent of all patents. By the second half of the 2010s, these figures had grown to almost 88 and 68 percent, respectively.

2019年版记录了过去几十年创新的地理分布是如何演变的。报告发现，创新变得更具合作性。在21世纪初，64%的科学论文是由科学家团队完成的，54%的专利是由发明家团队完成的。到2010年下半年，这两个数字分别增长到近88%和68%。

Collaboration has also become more international in nature. The share of scientific collaborations with two or more researchers located in different countries grew to around 25 percent in 2017. For patents, the share of international co-inventions increased to 11 percent until 2009, but has since slightly fallen, partly because of rapid growth in domestic collaborations in certain countries. Most international collaboration takes place among the top metropolitan hotspots. The largest ten of them – San Francisco-San Jose, New York, Frankfurt, Tokyo, Boston, Shanghai, London, Beijing, Bengaluru, and Paris – account for 26 percent of all international co-inventions. The U.S. hotspots emerge as the most connected ones in the world.

合作也变得更加国际化。2017年，与来自不同国家的两名或两名以上研究人员进行科学合作的比例增长到25%左右。在专利方面，国际合作发明的比例在2009年之前上升到11%，但此后略有下降，部分原因是某些国家国内合作的快速增长。大多数国际合作发生在顶级的大都市热点地区。其中最大的10个——旧金山-圣何塞、纽约、法兰克福、东京、波士顿、上海、伦敦、北京、班加罗尔和巴黎——占所有国际联合发明的26%。美国的热点地区是世界上联系最紧密的地区。

Some other key report findings:

其他一些重要的报告发现:

The report delves deeper into the global innovation landscape of two industries undergoing profound change. One is the automotive sector, where the adoption of autonomous vehicles technology is causing disruption. New entrants – from within the automotive industry and from the information technology (IT) industry – are challenging established players.

报告深入研究了两个正在经历深刻变革的行业的全球创新格局。一个是汽车行业，自动驾驶技术的采用正在造成颠覆。来自汽车行业和信息技术(IT)行业的新进入者正在挑战老牌竞争者。

Patent data suggest that traditional automakers and their suppliers are at the forefront of autonomous vehicles innovation. Ford, Toyota and Bosch – accounting for 357, 320 and 277 of AV patent families, respectively – are the top three autonomous vehicles patent applicants. However, non-automakers also feature in the list of top patent applicants. Google, and its autonomous vehicles subsidiary Waymo, are in eighth position with 156 patents, ahead of traditional automakers like Nissan, BMW, Toyota and Hyundai. Tech companies Uber and Delphi each have 62 AV patents and are jointly ranked 31st.

专利数据表明，传统汽车制造商及其供应商处于自动驾驶汽车创新的前沿。福特(Ford)、丰田(Toyota)和博世(Bosch)分别占AV专利家族的357个、320个和277个，是申请自动驾驶汽车专利最多的三家公司。然而，非汽车制造商也在专利申请的前列。谷歌及其自动驾驶汽车子公司Waymo排名第八，拥有156项专利，领先于日产(Nissan)、宝马(BMW)、丰田(Toyota)和现代(Hyundai)等传统汽车制造商。科技公司优步(Uber)和德尔福(Delphi)各拥有62项AV专利，并列第31位。

The report also studies trends in agricultural biotechnology. Most scientific and inventive activity in crop biotechnology occurs in a few economies. China, Germany, Japan, the Republic of Korea and the U.S. account for more than 55 percent of all crop biotech articles and more than 80 percent of all patents. Within those economies, innovation occurs mostly in large metropolitan areas. Relative to other fields of innovation, however, innovative activity is more geographically widespread, spanning many countries in Africa, Latin America and Asia. This partly reflects the need to adapt innovations to local conditions.

该报告还研究了农业生物技术的趋势。作物生物技术的大多数科学和发明活动发生在几个经济体。中国、德国、日本、韩国和美国占所有作物生物技术文章的55%以上，占所有专利的80%以上。在这些经济体中，创新主要发生在大都市地区。然而，与其他创新领域相比，创新活动的地理分布更为广泛，涉及非洲、拉丁美洲和亚洲的许多国家。这在一定程度上反映了创新适应当地条件的需要。

Four private firms perform a large part of the of R&D investment in plant biotechnology – Bayer Cropscience, BASF, ChemChina and Corteva – but there is an increasing need for collaboration with the public sector to access pools of germplasms and cultivars held by public research institutions. Since the 2000s, co-patenting between private firms and public institutions has become the main type of collaboration overtaking the co-patenting among private firms.

四家私营公司在植物生物技术的研发投资中占了很大一部分——Bayer Cropscience, BASF, ChemChina and Corteva——但它们越来越需要与公共部门合作，以获取公共研究机构持有的种质和品种资源。自2000年以来，民营企业与公共机构共同申请专利已经取代了民营企业共同申请专利，成为合作的主要形式。

Source: https://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2019/article_0013.html

Author：Geneva

US government sues Gilead over patent for HIV PrEP

美国政府就艾滋病预防药物专利起诉Gilead

The United States government filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Gilead Sciences in federal district court, accusing the drug maker of “willfully and deliberatively” infringing on HHS patents for pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP, for HIV prevention.

美国政府在联邦地区法院对Gilead公司提起专利侵权诉讼，指控这家制药公司蓄意地侵犯了HHS的艾滋病病毒爆发前预防专利。

According to an HHS news release, the filing asserts that Gilead has profited from research funded by taxpayers “and reaped billions” from the sale of two medications, Truvada (emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; FTC/TDF) and Descovy (FTC/tenofovir alafenamide; FTC/TAF).

根据美国卫生与公众服务部的一份新闻稿，该文件声称 Gilead从纳税人资助的研究中获利，并从两种药物Truvada (emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; FTC/TDF) and Descovy (FTC/tenofovir alafenamide; FTC/TAF)的销售中获利数十亿。

Approved for use in the United States since 2012, HIV PrEP is highly effective at preventing HIV infection, but it is also expensive. According to a Gilead spokesperson, the cost of both FTC/TDF — which will come off patent in 2020 — and FTC/TAF — which was approved for PrEP just last month — is $1,758 per month.In a statement, Gilead questioned the validity of patents granted to HHS since 2015 for HIV PrEP and post-exposure prophylaxis and rejected “any notion of willful infringement.”

自2012年起，美国批准使用HIV PrEP，它在预防HIV感染方面非常有效，但也很昂贵。吉利德公司的一名发言人表示，FTC/TDF和FTC/TAF的成本都是每月1758美元。FTC/TDF的专利将于2020年到期，而FTC/TAF上个月刚刚获得PrEP批准。吉利德在一份声明中质疑了自2015年以来HHS获得的艾滋病预防和接触后预防专利的有效性，并拒绝“任何故意侵权的说法”。

The company originally received FDA approval for both medicines for the treatment of HIV infection. “HHS recognizes Gilead’s role in selling Truvada and Descovy to patients for prevention of HIV. Communities have put these drugs to use in saving lives and reducing the spread of HIV,” HHS Secretary Alex M. Azar II said in the release. “However, Gilead must respect the U.S. patent system, the groundbreaking work by CDC researchers, and the substantial taxpayer contributions to the development of these drugs. The complaint filed today seeks to ensure that they do.”

该公司最初获得了FDA批准用于治疗艾滋病病毒感染的两种药物。HHS认识到吉利德在向患者出售 Truvada 和 Descovy 以预防艾滋病毒方面所起的作用。美国卫生与公众服务部部长 Alex M. Azar II在新闻稿中说:“社区已经将这些药物用于拯救生命和减少艾滋病毒的传播。然而，吉利德必须尊重美国的专利制度，疾病控制和预防中心研究人员的开创性工作，以及纳税人对这些药物开发的巨大贡献。今天提起的诉讼试图确保他们这样做。”

The Washington Post reported in April that the U.S. Department of Justice had launched a review of the government’s patent for HIV PrEP. In August, the paper said Gilead had filed a formal challenge to dispute government patents related to the medications.

《华盛顿邮报》今年4月报道称，美国司法部已对政府的艾滋病预防药物专利进行了审查。该报在8月称，Gilead已正式向政府提出挑战，对政府有关药物的专利提出异议。

“The United States Patent and Trademark Office granted four patents to HHS that protect CDC’s work and the taxpayers’ investment,” the HHS said in announcing the lawsuit. “These patents entitle HHS to license CDC’s PrEP regimens and receive a reasonable royalty for their use. Two other companies that manufacture generic equivalents of Truvada for PrEP in foreign countries have agreed to licenses with HHS.”

“美国专利商标局授予HHS四项专利，以保护CDC的工作和纳税人的投资，”HHS在宣布诉讼时表示。这些专利使HHS有权许可CDC的预防方案，并获得合理的使用费。另外两家在国外生产用于预防的Truvada仿制药公司已经同意向HHS发放许可证。”

Source: www.healio.com

Author：Marley Ghizzone

EPO and CNIPA enhance comprehensive strategic partnership

EPO和CNIPA加强全面战略伙伴关系

At their annual meeting in Suzhou, EPO President António Campinos and the Commissioner of the China National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA), Shen Changyu, agreed to enhance their bilateral co-operation in the framework of the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT). The aim is to give patent applicants filing an international patent application in English at the CNIPA as Receiving Office the choice to opt for the EPO as their International Searching Authority (ISA).It is expected that this new option will be offered in the course of next year, and be implemented as a two-year pilot programme.

在苏州举行的年度会议上，欧洲专利局主席António Campinos和中国国家知识产权局局长申长雨同意加强双方在《专利合作条约》框架下的合作。其目的是让专利申请人在作为受理局的中国专利局(CNIPA)以英语提交国际专利申请时，可以选择将欧洲专利局(EPO)作为其国际检索机构(ISA)。预计将在明年提供这一新的选择，并作为一个为期两年的试验方案加以执行。

For Chinese applicants, this step will offer an additional option to optimise their international patent strategy, especially when considering protection in Europe. As a result, Chinese users interested in accelerating the prosecution of their applications will, by selecting the EPO as their ISA, gain up to one year by entering into the European phase earlier and getting direct examination of their files, without the need for a European supplementary search.

对于中国申请人而言，这一举措将为他们优化国际专利战略提供额外选择，尤其是在考虑欧洲专利保护时。因此，有兴趣加速对其申请审查的中国用户，将通过选择欧洲专利局作为其ISA，提前一年进入欧洲阶段，直接审查其文件，而无需进行欧洲补充搜索，从而多获得一年的时间。

Bilateral co-operation between the EPO and CNIPA dates back more than 30 years to the signing of a first memorandum of understanding between the two patent offices in 1985. In 2017 the EPO and Chinese office elevated their co-operation to a comprehensive strategic partnership, the first such agreement between two major patent offices.

欧洲专利局和中国国家专利局之间的双边合作可以追溯到30多年前的1985年，当时两家专利局签署了第一份谅解备忘录。2017年，欧洲专利局和中国专利局将双方的合作提升为全面战略伙伴关系，这是两大主要专利局之间首次签署的此类协议。

In recent years, technology related to computer-Implemented inventions (CII) has evolved rapidly, and CII-related patent applications have increased significantly. National IP offices and patent applicants around the world face new challenges as these technologies play a larger role in other areas of innovation. In response to these challenges, CNIPA and the EPO worked together to produce a joint study outlining the similarities and differences of examination practices specific to software-related inventions. The heads of the EPO and CNIPA launched this joint report at a public IP event in Nanjing on Monday. The findings are expected to provide practical guidance to applicants about what to expect when filing CII applications at the two offices.

近年来，与计算机实施发明(CII)相关的技术发展迅速，与CII相关的专利申请显著增加。随着这些技术在其他创新领域发挥更大的作用，世界各地的国家知识产权局和专利申请人面临着新的挑战。为了应对这些挑战，CNIPA和EPO合作进行了一项联合研究，概述了与软件相关发明的测试实践的异同。周一，EPO和CNIPA的负责人在南京的一个公共知识产权活动上发布了这份联合报告。预期调查结果将为申请人在这两个办事处提交CII申请时的期望提供实际指导。

CNIPA received more than 1.5 million applications for invention patents in 2018. China is now the fifth most active country of origin for European patent applications, with strong growth from Chinese applicants at the EPO in recent years (+8.8% in 2018).

2018年，国家知识产权局共受理发明专利申请150多万件。中国目前是欧洲专利申请的第五大活跃来源国，近年来欧洲专利局(EPO)的中国申请人数量增长强劲(2018年增加8.8%)。

Source：EPO